Contemporary Civilizations An Essential Part Of An...

Contemporary Civilizations is a course intended to provoke conversation and thought on an individual’s role in a community. We see this premise outlined in Columbia University s description of the course, which states, â€Å"the central purpose of Contemporary Civilization is to introduce students to a range of issues concerning the kinds of communities ... that human beings construct for themselves† (Contemporary Civilizations Home Page). While analyzing the types of communities different texts discuss, we have come across the conversation relating an individual’s inner nature and his (or her) external circumstances. Up to the point of Teresa de Cartagena’s texts, writers argue that an individual’s highest level of achievement is primarily†¦show more content†¦We see this in Hayy Ibn YaqzÄ n’s pursuit of God through â€Å"constantly learning and improving his mind† (Tufayl, Hayy Ibn YaqzÄ n 117). Ibn Tufayl hinges Hayyâ⠂¬â„¢s development throughout the story on the character’s sense of reason and deduction. Teresa follows a similar train of thought and argues that for rational creatures such as humans, â€Å"reason guides us toward all that is good and fitting of our temporal good and our spiritual well being†¦ and temperance†¦ constrain us to curb the disordered appetites of our human weakness† (Grove of the Infirm 33). Here, Teresa states that humans, who are rational creatures, are innately reasonable and can use this reason to attain religious fulfillment. However, while previous writers hinge our achievements on our inner natures, Teresa argues that this is not the case. Aristotle argues in Politics that we are able to form more complex communities than animals and differ in purpose than them as well because of our ability to use language to communicate â€Å"what is good or bad, just or unjust, and the rest [because]...as we say, no animal has speech except a human being† (Politics, I.2, 1253a10-15). Therefore, Aristotle reasons, without this social inclination and innate ability to learn language, we would be like animals and unable to achieve higher levels of existence. According to this line of logic, our achievements are influenced by our inner natures. However, Teresa uses her own life as a counterargument to this

Reflection using Gibbs Reflective Cycle Free Essay Example, 2500 words

For example, I could change the location of our meeting and once I communicated the same to my members, they accepted. During the group experience, I felt that other people did not believe in my ability to lead a team and attain the preset objectives. Having not been a leader of any group, I also felt that other members would notice my anxiety and possibly remove me from that leadership position. I also thought that being one of the youngest members, other members could not agree with any of my suggestions. After the experience, I felt as a responsible person who had the skills to lead a bigger team. My self-esteem improved to a level that I can comfortably give a longer presentation in a hall that is full of audience. I also felt as being a good leader who valued the contribution of others. In addition, I felt happy since the achievement of the objectives by the group was due to my all inclusive leadership style. As the result of the diversity in our groups, I felt that I value div ersity which is a major aspect that leads to the success of organizations locally and globally. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection using Gibbs Reflective Cycle or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Currently, I think that the experience in the group and the roles that I prayed has improved my motivation level. As a person who is guided by plans and objectives, I feel secure and eager while undertaking any assignment as an individual or in a group. Based on the success that we attained, I think that other people feel happy. This is based on the fact that we faced quite a number of challenges, especially when forming the groups, and yet we attained our goals. For the members who were supportive, I also think that they feel as part and parcel of the group an aspect that also makes them feel motivated. Based on my effective leadership and strategic plans for the group, I think that the members feel secured such that in future we may form other groups either for learning purposes or for income-generating initiatives. During the group work, I experienced various positive issues. First, I got an opportunity to act as a leader.

How and Why Did Hitler Kill the Jews - 1061 Words

How,why and with what results did Hitler persecute the Jews ? How,why and with what results did Hitler persecute the Jews ? Hitler made them numerous promises and used many techniques of propaganda. Through Hitlers entire regime , Hitler’s main goal was to persecute the jews. The Jews were severely mistreated by Hitler and his numerous followers. The inflicting of suffering, harassment, isolation, imprisonment, fear, or pain are all factors that established persecution of the Jews. There are various reason why Hitler wanted to persecute Jews in the first place.Hitler used gruesome methods of torture to persecute them. At the end of world war 1, Life for the German people became very difficult after the Treaty of Versailles.After†¦show more content†¦If they survived, most Jews would slowly and systematically starved to death. This was made even worse because while they were being denied proper food, they were expected to do manual labour for long hours, despite being hungry and thirsty. As they were treated so badly,the Jews began to look like how they were made to seem in the propaganda posters making the Germans agree with Hitler even more. the food was close to not non-existent, it was calculated to starve the Jews into corpses. Sometimes Jews were publicly hanged at roll call time. Jewish prisoners froze to death because they were not allowed to have any warm clothing or protection from the elements, and winters were very harsh. thers were experimented on by the notoriously brutal Dr. Mengele who used Jews to test out his own particular scientific theories. 2 million Jews were killed in 1941 ,when the invasion of the USSR began. The Final Solution in december 1941 was Nazi Germany s plan during World War II to annihilate the Jewish people, resulting in the most deadly phase of the Holocaust, the destruction of Jewish communities in continental Europe. about one million Jews were killed before the plans of the Final Solution were fully implemented in 1942, but it was only with the decision to eradicate the entire Jewish population that the extermination camps were built and industrialized mass slaughter of Jews began .Show MoreRelatedThe Holocaust: Why the Jews?712 Words   |  3 Pagesevent that took millions of lives. Hitler led the holocaust in an attempt to single out the Jewish race for genocide. He thought they were unclean. My history teacher said, at first he didn’t want to kill them but send them elsewhere. He wanted to ship all the Jews off to Madagascar (â€Å"Sanders†). Hitler strongly believed that Jews would be the downfall of the Germans. Hitler hated the Jews and blamed them fo r the loss of WWI. He called the plan to exterminate the Jews, the â€Å"Final Solution.† AccordingRead MoreThe Battle Of Normandy And The Liberation Of Europe1101 Words   |  5 Pagesthe humblest residents, who vainly warns the inhabitants to flee and escape. While the Allies were preparing for the Battle of Normandy and the liberation of Europe during May and June of that year, Wiesel and his family, together with 15,000 other Jews from Sighet and an additional 18,000 from neighboring villages, were deported by German troops to the concentration camps. Once there, his mother and younger sister were immediately sent to the gas chambers. His other sisters, Hilda and Beatriz, survivedRead MoreThe Holocaust was a very hateful time for the Jews. Adolf Hitler was known as the Der Fà ¼hrer (The600 Words   |  3 PagesThe Holocaust was a very hateful time for the Jews. Adolf Hitler was known as the Der Fà ¼hrer (The Leader). Adolf Hitler was the main reason for The Holocaust. Hitler had control over Germany from 1933-1945. Hitler had a very hateful feeling for the Jews. This is how The Holocaust came to be. How Hitler Came to Power Adolf Hitler’s rise to power In Germany was nothing less than astounding. Hitler first came in to power on January 20, 1933, after he was awarded with the Iron Cross FirstRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1720 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion innocent people died and many did not know what they did or why it was happening to them (Rice 11). The Holocaust happened because of the Germans after World War 2 thought that the reason that their economy was falling down was because of Jewish people. The Holocaust followed the Ladder of Prejudice is a started with speech and moved its way up to â€Å"The Final Solution† also known as extermination. Hitler did not start with killing Jews. He killed Jews,Gypsies,homosexuals and many more religionsRead MoreComparing Adolf Stalin And Adolf Hitler And Hitler843 Words   |  4 PagesAdolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin are 2 notoriously known people in world history. Both Stalin and Hitler are known for the great number of deaths they have caused. Although both men have totally different reasons on why they killed so many people their ways of leadership are somewhat alike. Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin both use propaganda as a technique to get people to support them. Using propaganda shows the public what they want to hear and see, even if it’s not true they use this method to trickRead MoreAn Inside Look at the Holocaust Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pagesthey really know all of the details that go along with what occurred during the Holocaust? The responsibilities that Jews had before they were transported to concentration camps were rigorous in some ways. Also, the rights that they had were taken away by the Nazis. This topic fits into the theme Rights and Responsibilities because it has to do with the rights that Nazis and Jews had as well as the responsibilities. The Holocaust had a major impact on the world because of all the controversial thingsRead MoreCould WWII have been Prevented?1483 Words   |  6 Pagesof control and he was able to slaughter millions of Jews. Though eventually Hitler brought destruction upon himself, if other count ries would have stopped him in the early stages, World War II may have never happened. Though countries might have wanted to stop Hitler in Germany; they had their own county and people to worry about. The economic troubles prevented England and other European nations from taking part in international issues, and Hitler took full advantage of their weak conditions. ThisRead MoreTwo Similar but Different Genocides: The Holocaust and Cambodian Genocide1092 Words   |  5 Pagespeople would support and act upon plans to kill millions of innocent human beings. The Holocaust and Cambodian genocide were two of the most horrific genocides in the history of civilization. The Holocaust and Cambodian genocide has not only similarities but also differences. How they treated their victims, USA involvement, and that they both killed millions of people are some things they share. Differences they include are the people they targeted, how the two leaders took office and lastly whereRead MoreT he Ss And The World War II1659 Words   |  7 Pagesaudience member: What does SS stand for? Logan: The SS stands for Schutzstaffel which is the protection squad for Adolf Hitler Anchor: Do we have any more questions in the audience? *Audience members raises hands* Anchor: We will try to answer as many questions as possible. You in the black shirt. Female audience member: How did the SS affect life for Jews and non-Jews? Logan: Discriminated against and They smashed up all crucifixes and got rid of Catholics in Germany Anchor: Member:Read MoreThe Holocaust was the genocide and the cause of death for about 6 million Jews during World War II.800 Words   |  4 Pagesmillion Jews during World War II. The Holocaust affected many, including Gypsies, homosexuals, mentally and physically disabled, and anyone who did not fit the description of Hitler’s â€Å"master race†. Hitler was an anti-Semitist who believed in a superior race and killed many Jewish people by putting them in concentration camps. Adolf Hitler was born in Austria on April 20, 1889 to Alois Hitler and Klara Polzl. He was the 4th out of 6 children. As a child he often fought with his father, who did not approve

Ancient Greece s Role Influencing Today s Modern Society

Esteban Aguirre HST 347 Professor Simonton 11/18/15 Second paper Ancient Greece has played a vital role influencing today’s modern society, and as we learn more about women in this time period, connections continue to be drawn on today’s societal norms. Politics, art, philosophy, drama, and architecture are all influenced heavily by Ancient Greek civilizations. Greece at the time was not a united nation, but rather a collection of sovereign communities referred to as â€Å"City-States†; each City-State had different customs, beliefs but shared the same religion, language, and ritual practices. Due to the terrain, location, and whether it was difficult for communication and further development of communities. Therefore we see a vast spectrum†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Spartans were the only Greek women whose upbringing was prescribed by the same state and who were educated at state expense† (Palmaroy 97). The Spartan women unlike the rest of Greek women, who spent most of their time indoor and given less food, were well nourished, drank wine, and partook in outdoor exercise. In Dillon and Garland the first hand account says: â€Å"Lykourgos†¦prescribed physical training for the female sex no less than for the male†(DG Xenophon â€Å"Constitution of the Spartans† 4.16). Women in Athens were subjected to poor treatment and â€Å"performed the domestic tasks of spinning and weaving, food preparation, and childcare†(Palmaroy 29). It was found desirable for men that women be subjected to only the household so that there would be no mistake or rumor of a mans wife sleeping or flirting with someone else. Women from Attica had to be taught how to manage the household as well as sometimes even to learn how to speak since they only new the basics and were taught to stay inside. We see a shared religious role shared between these City-States. Since all of Greece shared had a unanimous religion, women had a vital role in religious procedures. Excluded from the p olitical life of the polis, women played a vital role in religious life. â€Å"Here a chorus of well-born Athenian women list their religious activities in which they have participated in the past, which include having been an

The Importance Of Play On The Learning Environment And The...

1. Introduction to TMA. The objective for this assignment is to show the advantages of ‘play’ and ‘creativity’ in the learning environment and the benefits it has for children, as well as to understand why giving children the opportunity to play and be creative, enhances their learning, and how it plays a vital role in their development. In addition, I will look at how creativity is encouraged on The Open University DVD, audio visual sequence number 6 ‘Pop Stars’, and how a game played by children during their golden time, demonstrates learning through play. Play is valuable in school, as it enables children to freely express themselves. This may occur during social interactions with their peers or as an individual. Play provides a valuable opportunity for a child to use their imagination as a tool for learning, by extracting and processing new information in regard to the world around them. This is supported by Lev Vygotsky a psychologist, who believed that â€Å"play led children’s development, as it could enable them to step outside their actual lives to explore, through imagination, a wider set of meanings and understanding†.(Study topic 13, page 165). As well as play, ensuring creative practice is carried out effectively in school is also beneficial to the children. â€Å"Creative learning happens when adult creativity comes together with opportunity for children to be creative†. (Study topic 14, page 190). Teachers can plan activities where by creative practice is included,Show MoreRelatedAn Early Childhood Educator My Goal1621 Words   |  7 PagesI believe that as an early childhood educator my goal will be to promote the physical, social, emotional, and cognitive development of each child. I also believe that play should be the base of learning since children learn best by doing. I believe that a balance between teacher-directed and child-initiated activities is essential balance can be developed by using the developmentally appropriate practice approach, which means that activities should be â€Å"appropriate for each child and relevant to theRead MoreImportance of Play1008 Words   |  5 Pages The Importance of Play ECE 430 Early Childhood Education Capstone Prof. Sublette Jennifer Bentley November 28, 2011 The Importance of Play Play is one aspect that is common in every child’s life. The importance of play for children is huge. It is so much more than a recreational activity for them. Play is essential for children; it contributes to healthy child development cognitively, socially, and physically (McFadden, 2010). Because of this, it is vital for parents, caregivers, and educatorsRead MoreRationale Statement : The Development And Implementation Of The Curriculum1639 Words   |  7 PagesParents should be involved to take appropriate decision about the children’s learning and development†. Introduction: Over the past few years, research in neuroscience and developmental psychology has create a great influence to shape 21st century people’s outlook towards young children’s learning and development.â€Å"Development and learning that occurs in early childhood is now widely regarded as the foundation for future learning, health and well-being†(EDU30003,2015). Professor Loris Malaguzzi from ReggioRead MoreEarly Intervention : Learning From And Through Play- Assignment1705 Words   |  7 PagesEDUC9532 Early Intervention: Learning from and through play- Assignment 2- Essay Christina Kraly (2149733) Essay Question #1: Discuss and analyse how play is similar and different for young children with and without special education needs (SEN). Describe why this knowledge is of value to professionals working in the early childhood sector, and make recommendations on the knowledge professionals should have in order to support children with SEN learning from and through play. Introduction During theRead MoreIn Early Childhood, Play Diverges, Contingent On An Immense1351 Words   |  6 Pageschildhood, play diverges, contingent on an immense amount of intricacies and has been predisposed through the years by numerous theories in early childhood development. Consideration needs to be taken as to if play is free and simple or not. Over the years there has been a multitude of different theories about the purpose of a child’s play. The first theories of play were developed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries with four main theories that involved the perception of how and why children workRead MoreAs Part Of My Pgce Early Education, I Have Been Instructed1030 Words   |  5 Pageshighlight the importance of early education as the ‘theory and practice of educating young children’, which is deeply rooted in the philosophy of the practitioner as they have a repertoire of strategies to teaching and learning. King and Howard (2016) believe that philosophy and pedagogy are connected as a way of supporting young children. The reason I am writing to you today is because I believe the Early Years Statutory Guidelines (DfE, 2017) for the development and learning of children under statutoryRead MoreThe Importance of Play-Based Activities in Childrens Learning995 Words   |  4 Pagesassociate wi th young children but somehow it felt different. I always thought children were the easiest beings to communicate and that I can easily understand them just by looking at how they act. Unfortunately, I had so many things I did not know about them and I was perplexed just by handling one crying child. This booklet is created for early year’s practitioners that are just starting and it is aimed to provide practitioners about children, early year’s documents and play. As an earlyRead MoreEssay on How Play influences Development 1002 Words   |  5 Pagessave the day! This is just one way children pretend and play. In this little fantasy simple items transform into towers, houses, and dragons. Play is a vital part of development and early learning. Play influence cognitive, social, emotional development as well as with self-regulation, motivation, and decentration. Play is natural and instinctive activity that helps children develop in all areas. There are different types of play. Dramatic and Sociodramatic play is person-oriented and not material/objectRead MoreTechnology Play: Advantages and Disadvantages for Development and Learning1724 Words   |  7 PagesYoung children are growing up in a technology environment. It is within this environment that traditional concepts of play are being influenced. Early childhood settings reflect children’s environments therefore the introduction of technology would be a natural consequence. Play is central to children’s development and learning, consequently technology play is influential. To benefit children’s development and learning, technology play has to be inclusive and developmentally appropriate with attentionRead MoreDevelopment Of Structured Teaching Methods And Sensory Resources1147 Words   |  5 PagesBy carrying out research on play and learning I have looked at theori sts in more depth, especially Montessori. I have discovered that Montessori s ideas have initiated the development of structured teaching methods and sensory resources, which is important for children especially within the early years and more specifically children with learning difficulties. Montessori s approaches have made me realise that children will benefit greatly from independent play as it allows them to learn at their

Frederick Winslow Taylor Business Management Essay Example For Students

Frederick Winslow Taylor: Business Management Essay Lenoir Community College Frederick Winslow Taylor Business Management David Mercer Tuesday, February 04, 1997 CONTENTS I. Introduction. I. Introduction. 6 II. The Younger Years.. 7 III Midvale Steel Company .n IV Inventions.. .n V. Pig-Iron Handling Experiments. .n VI. Shoveling Experiments . ..n VII. Conclusion ..n APPENDI. .n SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY.. .n LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Illustration 1. .n 2. Illustration 2. .n 3. Illustration 3. .n 4. Illustration 4. .n 5. Illustration 5. .n LIST OF TABLES 1. Differential Piece Rate Wages. .n 2. Table 2. ..n 3. Table 3 n 4. Table 4.. .n 5. Table 5. ..n Introduction This paper is in response to the assignment for a paper and short speech concerning a person with relevant contributions to the world of management. Frederick Taylor is affectionately referred to as the Father of Scientific Management. The modern systems of manufacturing and management would not be the examples of efficiency that they are today, without the work of Taylor. Frederick Taylor was instrumental in bringing industry out of the dark ages by beginning to revolutionize the way work was approached. Taylor was able to increase wages, productivity and reduce per piece costs at the same time. Taylors work was eventually adopted in a wide array of applications. Taylors ideas had a significant influence on the industrial life of all modernized countries. Even Lenin went as far as to publish an article in Pravda , Raising the Productivity of Labour, based on the writings of Taylor. Thus Taylor changed the way the world conducted business. Taylors work was an extension of technology. It was a marriage of human work and technology. His Priniciples of Scientifiic Management was conceived to be free of value judgement. The Younger Years Frederick W. Taylor was born into a well-to-do family in Philadelphia in 1856 . His family was not wealthy , but they were well exposed to the high culture of the local society. Growing up it was expected that Taylor would study to become an attorney. Taylor attended Phillips-Exeter Academy. He was a devout student, doing very well with his studies. To achieve good grades, Taylor studied many long hours. It was quite unfortunate that Taylor was to miss Harvard Law School due to bad eyes that doctors attrributed to studying in the poor light of a kerosene lamp. In later years it was realized that his eye problem was actually caused by stress, as it improved after he left Phillips. Taylor moved back home after graduating from Phillips. He realized that he should take up a trade and got a job as an apprentice machinist and pattern maker. Having spent four years learning his trade, Taylor got a job as a yard laborer at Midvale Steel Company. Taylor realized that at this point he needed to continue his education. He convinced the people at Stevens Institute of Technology to allow him to attend classes long distance. He would study in his spare time in Philadelphia and go to the school in New Jersey to take his exams. In June of 1883, Taylor graduated with a Mechanical Engineering degree. He subsequently joined the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). Midvale Steel Company The Midvale Steel Company was part of the post Civil War expansion of industrialized Philadelphia. They made steel railroad tires. Due to poor management, Midvale failed in 1873. Fortunately for Taylor, the company was sold and prospered under the direction of the new owners. There were two reasons for the success of the company. The first was that the company was able to improve their scientific processes. The second reason was they were to receive contracts to manufacture Naval gun forgings. By the 1890s, Midvale was one of the countries largest defense contracters. .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 , .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 .postImageUrl , .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 , .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362:hover , .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362:visited , .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362:active { border:0!important; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362:active , .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362 .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2d42b9aad5f51644dc0f854335b56362:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Good Man Is Hard To Find Essay The company was in period of rapid growth. Taylor advanced quickly at Midvale. In eight years he would be promoted from ordinary laborer through the ranks of time keeper, machinist, gang boss, foreman, assistant engineer to chief engineer of the plant. Taylor was promoted to gang boss due to the business turn around and the subsequent influx of orders. As gang boss Taylor was well aware that the workers could be producing at much higher levels than they were. As Taylor tried to increase production, he met a lot of resistance from the workers. This fight to increase production gave Frederick Taylor his first look at the unsystemized managerial methods commonplace in industry. Typically the fly by the seat of the pants approach was used to manage manufacturing facilities. Taylor realized that there was a scientific approach to technical problems. Yet, the current approach to .

Strategy in Digital Business

Question : Discuss about the Strategy in Digital Business ? Answer : Introduction: The study is based on the analysis of the law and economics of Microsoft, forming a milestone of cases of antitrust intervention in the industries of network. The United States department of Justice bought a case against Microsoft by claiming that Microsoft monopolized the marketplace for operating systems of personal computers and undertook the anti-competitive activities to unlawfully uphold its policy (Gehani, 2013). The department of United States alleged that it monopolized the marketplace of internet browsers, as those browsers would produce rivalry for computer operating systems. Strategies of Microsoft: Accessibility, as a part of overall usability is considered as fundamental considerations for Microsoft at the time of designing developing, evaluating and releasing its product. Microsoft engages in the strategy of accessibility, planning, researching, testing and documentation. Microsoft accessibility strategy is considered as long standing commitment in developing innovative accessibility solution. Microsoft has formulated a simple strategy of earning greater amount of profits (Mukhopadhyay Ye, 2016). The business of software is considered as natural monopoly business since the average total costs constantly falls with the increased output. One of the first and foremost strategies of Microsoft is network marketing. The reason behind this is that each windows product is compatible with other Microsoft window products. One of the more intriguing strategies of Microsoft is that the market in which it operates leads to innovations of new operating systems and office suites leading to monopoly positions as the eventual outcome. Nonetheless, after analysing the strategy of Microsoft it is understood that it would do well to consider not just what is successful antitrust enforcement against Google might do for the Microsofts intermediate market position. Product differentiation and pricing behaviour: A disparity in the system effects has led to lower cost theory, which provides rapacious taste to Microsofts strategy. The pricing behaviour of Microsoft is to attract customers and produce effects of network; it also plans to amplify the cost in the future (Hoberg Phillips, 2016). Such kind of presumption is considered as improbable since Microsoft rules the Personal Computer Market and over the years, its share in the market has double folded without raising the cost for the windows at the same time increasing its functionality. Studies suggest that an organisation can exercise predation without even raising the cost however simply benefiting from the potential effects of network. Hence, such plan is impossible to differentiate from an accurate aggressive strategy and cannot be regarded as predatory. Ironically, the chief process, which Microsoft has used to smother rivalry, is predatory pricing by allocating its product at no obvious cost to the consumers. The software industry has transformed the business along with the people to co-ordinate and work (Chen Huang, 2015). The global revenue software represents 16% share of the Microsoft. Oracle and IBM represented a share of 7%. SAP on the hand represented a share of 5% with Symantec had the share of 2%. Principally by original equipment manufacturer distribution (OEM) it can standardise its software as this can allow Microsoft to charge cost, which could yield highest proceeds on the outlay of consumer. The maximum amount of damage which is caused to the consumer is price gauging, an issue which is not even being addressed under the current antitrust trial. One of the best facts that suggests that Microsoft is a monopoly and shielded from price rivalry is its excess amount of profit. Microsoft sets values with regard to the competitive prices, which is the reason where the products of Microsoft are regarded as the most expensive office suite (Baker, 2014). However, Microsoft products are value setter. Forced by the market opportunity Microsoft does not elevate prices therefore, it only preserves historically high prices while providing the least value for the money. Product differentiation: One of the important strategies of wining competition in the business is the differentiation strategy. This creates a strong emphasis on the certain brands in comparison to the competitive brands. There are several alternative office suites that has indulged themselves in the price discrimination bandwagon. Microsoft finds it difficult to indulge in product and price differentiation since they were generating huge amount of cash from their monopoly. Microsoft is considered as the monopolistic in the operating system for their products (Smith, 2014). The marginal cost used to generate the incremental level of software and other goods is zero however the fixed cost remains substantial and Microsoft is price setter since they sell price products that covers their fixed cost but allows them to make large amount of profit without causing distress to several consumers. Microsoft Office provides a good-looking and simple to use interface (Wan et al., 2017). Several participants in the marketplace might have one or two abilities or features but Microsoft outperforms its participants by satisfying the needs of everyone from personal desktop usage to the usage of large corporations. They also had to offer certain kinds of market segments with lower prices since there was huge amount of privacy. Microsoft started to realize that they were leaving money on the table since they did not take dramatic steps to price discriminate with the help of product differentiation. Microsoft Cost Structure: The fixed cost of business is considered as the business cost that does not alter in total but varies for each unit when the quantity of production changes. The facility cost for instance are the depreciation, rent, salary, property taxes and insurance forms the example of fixed cost. The variable cost represents the changes in different proportion of cost of production. Upon analysing the variable cost and fixed cost of Microsoft, it provides operating leverage. Organisations having higher amount of operating leverage are the organisations that have higher amount of fixed cost of operations in relation to the variable costs of operations. A massive amount of cost structure of Microsoft is fixed. Microsoft cost is also restricted to marketing costs and development (Hollensen, 2015). Whether Microsoft sells one copies of its software or over 100 million of copies of the latest version of its windows the cost for the company remains the same. Once the company sells the sufficient number of its copies of software to cover the fixed costs while the additional sales is identified as profits. This represents that Microsoft higher amount of fixed cost. Were Microsoft indulged in competitive price or not? On the findings of the fact, it is found that Microsoft dominated its x86 based personal computer operating systems market, which constituted monopoly, and Microsoft had initiated the act of crushing the threats to that monopoly (Gavil First, 2014). The judgement was split in two parts. On 3rd April, 2000 the court issued conclusion of law which constituted that Microsoft had committed monopolization, attempted monopolization and tried to violate section 1 and 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act. Economist have cited that the case of antitrust lodged against Microsoft set a hazardous example that indicated rising regulations of the government and the future of technological progress in the industry will get impeded. Benefits from Bundling of IE and Browser Software: The economic benefits of bundling can be assembled into two primary groups. One benefit arises from the manufacturing side and other coming from the consumption. Bundling efficiencies arises from the economic scope of consumption, which represents the advantage for the consumer in purchasing the products, which are complementary instead of purchasing from two separate suppliers. Consumers are provided typically provided with options of pre-installation of variety of Microsoft commodities along with few non-Microsoft commodities while ordering from OEMs. If Internet Explorer or media players were unbundled, there would have been no difficulty in permitting the customers with an option amid the commodities of competing companies for each of the merchandise groups (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). Other arguments concerning the benefits of consumers arising from software bundling is not sufficiently supported. On few occasion it is claimed that effectiveness arises from higher amount of anticipated superiority or functionality during the time when constituents have functioned together. Customers might perceive that using the web browsers generated by the software firms causes the operating system to crash than those of competitors with less recognizable operating systems. Microsoft has put forward its argument that technical bundling of its internet explorer browser and its windows operating systems is an example of economies (Shao Li, 2017). Therefore, it is widely accepted that designing programmes that can share codes amongst the two goods could hypothetically have possible benefits if the programmes performance is enhanced. Competition of Microsoft: The software market demanded everyone to put emphasis on the single OS and Microsoft had well positioned itself to fill up that demand. Other competing firms such as Apple or Amiga focused working on computers whereas Microsoft emphasised greatly on making its OS available to every PC clones manufactured by several other companies. For example if consumers wanted the products of Apple OS they had purchase the Apple computer, which would only use Apple add-ons. All of these add on became very expensive than their PC counterparts (Moulin, 2014). On the other hand, if consumers bought MS-DOS they could use it on several other platforms and can purchase supplementary hardware under the competitive environment having lower price. By keeping the price of unit very low and through aggressive Microsoft dominated the marketed as large number of people jumped with on the MS bandwagon so that it could enable users to inter-operators to connect with other users. Therefore, it can be said that when Microsoft initially produced MS Dos it was not monopoly instead it was just another company, which was trying to compete in the computer software market. With the introduction of Microsoft windows version 3.0 Microsoft cemented its position as a software monopoly. Application of game theory and Nash Equilibrium: Game theory and Nash equilibrium is a useful tool to study the decision of the managers. To explain the Nash Equilibrium it is important to have the concept of dominant strategy. A dominant strategy is that strategy which produces higher amount of payoff than any other strategy as the player can make the use of every possible combination of its rivals strategy (Huisman, 2013). For example, considering a situation where Apple and Microsoft have an identical product, which they aspires to introduce in the market. One decision, which they need to consider, is the price of the product. Both Apple and Microsoft need to choose a higher price or a lower price. Assuming that Apple OS software costs 1500 dollars while Microsoft software cost 900 dollars. The primary step in determining the pricing strategies, which both the companies is likely to use in the market, is the dominant strategy. If Apple makes the choice of high price then Microsoft will go for lower price as they will wish to make a profit of $1200 instead of $600. On the other hand, if Apple makes the choice of low cost, Microsoft will also choose lower price, since they will favour to generate a profit of $900 instead of $300. Microsoft will select a lower price strategy regardless of what Apple chooses and therefore, it can be concluded that Microsoft has dominant strategy as it has lower price. Benefits for Followers: By virtue of their efforts in branding other following firms can determine the point of price which tends to be very high than the perfectly competitive firms. It will further enhance the ability of the organisation to improve the quality of the product through their branding (Moulin, 2014). Thus, branding provides the much needed strength to maintain quality depending upon the business financial stake of the followers. Conclusion: The antitrust trial has put Microsoft under huge pressure. If Bill did not control Microsoft, gates and his employees in the short term Microsoft may have compromised and may have harmed the interest of the shareholders in the long term. One of the major loss of Microsoft is the constant antitrust scrutiny which do not provides the opportunity of making noteworthy acquisitions in telecommunications and internet sectors in United States at the time of interest antitrust scrutiny. Despite the consequences of the ultimate outcome, the impact created by U.S v. Microsoft is more likely to be felt over a long period of time. 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